LONDON — Europe is once again seeing a surge of COVID-19 cases — here is our summary of the measures being taken across the continent.

In some parts, the increase has been compounded by the emergence of the new Omicron variant, first detected in South Africa.

Some countries have taken steps targeting the unvaccinated, while programs are also being rolled out in several nations to vaccinate young children.

United Kingdom

The UK continues to battle a major rise in COVID-19 cases, as a further 89,074 confirmed cases were reported on Saturday (Dec. 18) driven by the more transmissible Omicron variant.

On the same day, London Mayor Sadiq Khan declared a "major incident" after a "huge surge" of Omicron cases in the capital.

Major incident acts as a warning that hospitals and emergency services are unable to respond as they normally would due to extenuating circumstances.

“The Omicron variant has quickly become dominant, with cases increasing rapidly and the number of patients in our hospitals with COVID-19 on the rise again," Khan said.

“While we are still learning about this variant, it’s right that London’s key agencies work closely together to minimize the impact on our city, including helping to protect the vital vaccination program.”

Khan told the BBC the next day that further measures, including restrictions on social distancing and the number of guests at home, are "inevitable".

In England, the chief medical officer urged people to limit who they see in the festive period.

People now need certificates to get into nightclubs and sports stadiums, to prove they have been fully vaccinated or have had a recent negative test. Similar schemes are also in place in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Prime Minister Boris Johnson had warned that the country faced a "tidal wave" of infections from the Omicron variant, announcing a huge increase in booster vaccinations for all adults by the end of December. The previous target was the end of January.

Denmark

Denmark will seek to close theatres, cinemas, concert halls, amusement parks, museums and art galleries amid a record surge in COVID-19 infections driven by the highly transmissible Omicron variant.

Stores and restaurants will have to limit their number of customers, and restaurants will have to close by 23:00.

The government earlier recommended that people work from home, banned concerts with more than 50 people standing and ordered people to wear facemasks in eateries when not seated.

Ireland

Ireland issued an 8 pm curfew on pubs and restaurants in order to curb rising COVID-19 cases from Sunday (Dec. 19). Indoor events will also be restricted with limits on capacity for all events.

Taoiseach Micheál Martin said Omicron was going to cause a "massive rise in infections" with more than a third of the country's new cases due to the new variant. The new measures will last until at least Jan. 30.

The country already tightened restrictions from Dec. 7, with nightclubs closing, and social distancing re-established in pubs, restaurants, and hotels.

Capacity in indoor and sports venues, where masks are already compulsory, was limited to 50%. A health pass is already required for entry to leisure venues.

Switzerland

Switzerland is restricting public life for those who are unvaccinated.

Only people who are vaccinated or recovered from COVID-19 will be able to access restaurants, cultural venues, or other indoor events. Private family gatherings should be limited to 10 people.

Swiss voters approved by a clear margin the so-called 'COVID-19 law' in a referendum on Nov. 28.

The legislation, which is already in force, includes a pandemic recovery package and the application of a controversial COVID certificate. Swiss voters back COVID-19 pass in bid to tackle rise in infections.

France

The French government urged people to get tested and keep Christmas gatherings small amid high infections due to COVID-19.

Prime Minister Jean Castex said that in the New Year the "health pass" will turn into a "vaccine pass" with more restrictions on people who are unvaccinated.

In Paris, the mayor's office announced on Saturday (Dec. 18) that the fireworks and concerts planned on the famous avenue des Champs-Elysées for New Year's Eve have been cancelled. Castex asked all other mayors to consider canceling their plans for public celebrations on Dec. 31 as well.

France already closed nightclubs from Friday (Dec. 10) for four weeks in an effort to curb rapidly rising COVID-19 infections.

From Jan. 15, all adults will need a booster jab at least seven months after being fully vaccinated in order to keep their health passes. From mid-December, people over the age of 65 will need one to have their health passes extended.

And from Jan. 30, all caregivers and firefighters in France will have to receive a third dose. French minister of health Olivier Véran announced the new provision on Saturday (Dec. 18), stating that there are now "several hospital clusters of the Omicron variant," especially in the Paris region.

Some 76.8 percent of France's 67.4 million people are fully vaccinated, according to the latest figures.

Italy

Italy will require unvaccinated EU citizens to quarantine for five days as part of stricter COVID-19 measures as the more transmissible Omicron variant spreads.

Vaccinated visitors from EU countries must get a negative test within 24 hours of arrival to circulate freely in Italy.

The Italian government on Dec. 6 imposed new rules on those who are not vaccinated with the issuing of a "super" health pass.

Only people with proof of vaccination or of having recovered from COVID-19 can eat at indoor restaurants, go to the movies or attend sporting events. It has now extended the vaccine mandate to school personnel, law enforcement, the military, and anyone working in a health care setting.

A basic health pass, which includes the possibility of having a negative COVID-19 test, is now required for local transport.

The number of cases in Italy is on the rise, with the daily cases — 7,576 on Saturday (Dec. 18) — the highest since March. The country's first Omicron case was recorded on Nov. 27.

Austria

Austria lifted its lockdown on Sunday (Dec. 12) for people with a "2G" pass, meaning they were vaccinated against COVID-19 or recently recovered from the illness.

People without the certificate are only allowed to leave their homes to go to work or for other essential purposes.

There is an 11 p.m. curfew for restaurants and an FFP2 mask is required on public transport and in indoor spaces.

Tens of thousands of people took to the streets in Vienna over the weekend to protest against mandatory vaccination and other virus measures.

The government, frustrated at the country's relatively low vaccine uptake, plans to make COVID vaccinations compulsory for all adults, taking effect from February.

Cyprus

Cyprus on Saturday (Dec. 18) toughened COVID-19 screening for all travelers from the UK over age 12, including requiring them to quarantine until results are in from a lab test performed at the airport.

Cyprus’ Health Ministry cited Britain's “drastic increase” in Omicron variant cases as the reason for the stepped-up measures, which apply to travelers regardless of whether they’ve been vaccinated or have recovered from COVID-19.

Arriving passengers who test positive must remain in isolation until officials contact them with further instructions, while those who test negative will be given five rapid test kits that they must use during their stays on the Mediterranean island.

The island has been experiencing an increase in infections as well, with the seven-day average of almost 600 cases still somewhat below the peak 1,009 cases per week Cyprus saw in July 2021.

Russia

Russian authorities on Monday (Dec. 13) backed away from introducing some of the restrictions for the unvaccinated that were announced a month earlier and elicited public outrage all across the vast country where vaccine uptake remains low.

The speaker of the State Duma, Russia's lower parliament house, announced the withdrawal of a bill restricting access to domestic and international flights and trains to those who do not present a health pass attesting they have been fully vaccinated, have recently recovered from COVID-19 or are medically exempt from vaccination.

Less than 50% of Russia's 146-million population has been fully vaccinated so far, even though Russia was among the first in the world to approve and roll out a coronavirus vaccine a year ago.

Norway

A 10-person limit for gatherings at private homes has come into effect to counter an increase in COVID-19 cases.

This is part of new measures announced earlier in the week by the government, which also include the reintroduction of social distancing in restaurants. Attendance at public events without assigned seating is capped at 50, while people are being urged to work from home.

The new measures are set to last four weeks although the number of people allowed at gatherings in private homes will be increased to 20 on Christmas and New Year's Eve.

“We consider the situation as being serious. Both Delta and Omicron infections are increasing in Norway. The number of people who are admitted to hospitals and intensive care units is increasing,” Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Stoere said.

Norway Christmas party causes biggest Omicron outbreak outside South Africa

The authorities recommend the use of facemasks on public transportation and in shops and shopping malls.

Anyone entering Norway must be tested within 24 hours, either at the border, at a public test station or by self-test. If a rapid test comes back positive, a traveler must take a PCR test within 24 hours.

Poland

Poland will make COVID-19 vaccines mandatory for health workers, teachers, police, military and firefighters.

Health Minister Adam Niedzielski said on Tuesday that after March 1, vaccination would be a condition for performing jobs in these sectors.

Nightclubs will close and restaurants and theatres will operate at reduced capacity from Dec. 15 amid rising infections. Public transport is being limited to 75% of capacity.

Germany

UK tourists are banned from Germany as of Sunday (Dec. 19), in a bid to curb the spread of the Omicron variant of COVID.

Travelers coming from countries deemed to be "high risk" by the German authorities are required to show a negative PCR test taken within 48 hours before departure and quarantine for two weeks on arrival.

Germany's parliament voted overwhelmingly in favor of a vaccine mandate for hospital and care workers as the country tries to stem a wave of coronavirus infections.

Earlier, the country implemented new measures that exclude those who are unvaccinated from nonessential stores, restaurants, and sports and cultural venues.

At least 68.9 percent of Germans are fully vaccinated against the coronavirus, short of the government's aim of a minimum 75% vaccination rate. Some German regions including Berlin have begun vaccinating children under 12.

Czech Republic

Several thousand people marched through the Czech capital on Sunday (Dec. 12), protesting a COVID-19 vaccination mandate for certain groups including people age 60 and over.

A 30-day state of emergency came into effect on Friday (Nov. 26) as the Czech Republic reported record-high COVID-19 cases.

As part of the government's anti-COVID measures, all Christmas markets across the country are banned and people will not be allowed to drink alcohol in public places, health minister Adam Vojtech said. Bars, restaurants, nightclubs, discotheques, and casinos have to close at 10 p.m.

The number of people at culture and sports events will be limited to 1,000 who are vaccinated or have recovered from COVID-19 All other public gatherings can be attended by up to 100 visitors, down from 1,000.

Belgium

Prime Minister Alexander De Croo announced on Friday (Dec. 3) that kindergartens and primary schools would close a week early for the Christmas holidays. Children must wear masks from the age of six.

There have also been protests against government plans to make vaccination mandatory for health workers early next year.

Those who refuse vaccination will be suspended from Jan. 1.

Greece

Greek authorities approved vaccinating children aged 5 to 11 from Dec. 15 amid a surge in COVID-19 infections.

The explosion in cases also prompted Greek lawmakers to approve mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for people over 60 in response to a surge in cases.

If they do not get the vaccine by Jan. 16, they risk being fined €100 for every month they remain unvaccinated.

Portugal

Portugal reintroduced tighter pandemic restrictions on Dec. 1 to contain a new surge in infections. Facemasks have once again become mandatory and the country tightened control of its borders.

A digital certificate proving vaccination or recovery from COVID-19 is required to access restaurants, cinemas and hotels.

Portugal has a high vaccination rate with around 86% of its population fully vaccinated against the virus.

Spain

Several regions have introduced stricter measures for the unvaccinated ahead of the Christmas season, extending use of the COVID-19 certificate to enter public places such as bars and restaurants.

Many have protested the newly imposed health passes. More than 80% of the Spanish population is already immunized, but fears of the Omicron variant have triggered a vaccination drive.

Since mid-November, nearly 200,000 Spaniards who were reluctant to get the vaccine at first have now finally taken the step. Spain has given the go-ahead for children aged under 12 to be vaccinated.

Netherlands

The Netherlands is back to a nationwide lockdown starting Sunday (Dec. 19) to curb the Omicron variant, caretaker prime minister Mark Rutte said after a meeting with his government to discuss new restrictions.

He added that the move was “unavoidable because of the fifth wave caused by the Omicron variant that is bearing down on us.”

Young children registered the steepest rises in infections in a recent coronavirus surge in the Netherlands.

Lockdown measures were introduced last month. Bars, restaurants and other public meeting places such as theatres and cinemas have been shutting their doors at 5 p.m. since Nov. 28 and will now have to continue through the holiday season.

Amateurs sporting events are also not permitted between 17:00 and 05:00 with professional sports events allowed to proceed but with no spectators.

Slovakia

Slovakia declared a 90-day state of emergency and a two-week lockdown following a spike in COVID-19 cases that saw the country’s seven-day average of cases rise above 10,000.

Some retail stores such as for electronics, shoes, or household goods can be open between 5 a.m. and 8 p.m. Many events are subject to a COVID-19 health pass.

Sweden

The Swedish government has announced that from Dec. 1 a health pass will be required to attend any event of more than 100 people.

The COVID pass — attesting that the holder has either been fully vaccinated, tested negative over the previous 72 hours or recovered from the disease over the preceding six months — has so far only been used in Sweden for travel purposes.

The government also reversed its Nov. 1 decision to stop testing fully vaccinated people.

Ukraine

Ukraine is still reporting a significant number of people testing positive to COVID-19, with about 9,000 cases registered just on Friday (Dec. 17) and 2,028 hospitalizations.

Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced on Nov. 16 that those who receive two jabs of the vaccine will be given a payment of 1,000 hryvnias, or about 33 euros in an attempt to alleviate vaccination reluctance.

Statistics on how many people received both doses vary greatly, with reports claiming that it stands anywhere between 20 and 28 percent.

Bulgaria

Cases are decreasing in Bulgaria after a massive surge in October but the vaccination rate is still quite low at just a quarter of the population.

There were 1,443 new cases reported on Saturday (Dec. 18) and 86 deaths — a slight rise compared to last week's numbers. The Health Ministry said that more than 87% of the deaths were people who are unvaccinated. About 95,000 cases of COVID-19 infection are still active.

Romania

Romanian government eased some of the restrictions on Wednesday (Dec. 8) as the number of those positive to COVID-19 fell to less than 1,500.

The new ease of measures includes eliminating a night curfew and an obligation to wear facemasks outdoors.

Ahead of the holiday season, the government tightened travel restrictions, requiring negative COVID-19 tests and quarantining unvaccinated travelers. Passenger locator forms will also be introduced from Dec. 20.

The country experienced the worst spike of infections with 15,000 daily cases recorded in early November, while the vaccination rate remained steady at just under 39 percent in a country of about 19 million.

Latvia

From Dec. 15, people must present a COVID-19 vaccination or recovery certificate in order to show up to work.

People who are not vaccinated or who have not recovered from COVID-19 are allowed in grocery shops, pharmacies and other essential shops. — Euronews